The Financial Implications of Carbon Transparency: Examining the Mediating Role of Emission Disclosure
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33005/jasf.v8i1.564Keywords:
Audit committee size, board gender diversity, board of commissioners’ size, capital expenditures, carbon emissions disclosure, corporate financial performanceAbstract
Purpose: The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between carbon emissions disclosure as an intervening variable between corporate governance, capital expenditures, and financial performance.
Method: Companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) that are involved in manufacturing are the primary focus of the study. The research employs a purposive sampling technique to select 16 organizations, resulting in 80 data observations spanning the period from 2019 to 2023. The correlations among variables are examined using path analysis, which is conducted with IBM SPSS Statistics 26.
Findings: Gender diversity on boards has a favorable effect on a company's bottom line, according to the study's results. The business's financial performance is negatively affected by the size of the audit committee. Carbon emissions disclosure, on the other hand, is unaffected by factors like board size, gender diversity, or audit committee size. Capital spending, board size, and disclosure of carbon emissions do not substantially affect the financial success of firms. Carbon emissions disclosure also does not mediate the relationship between boards' size, gender diversity, capital spending, audit committee size, and business financial performance.
Novelty/Value: This study provides insights into the limited role of carbon emissions disclosure as a mediator in corporate financial performance, highlighting the complex interactions between governance factors and sustainability reporting, especially on carbon emission disclosure.
Downloads
References
Al Hamadsheh, I. M., Bardai, B. Bin, & Al Jounaidi, A. R. M. (2020). The Mediating Effect of Voluntary Disclosure on the Relationship between Corporate Governance and Financial Performance among Listed Jordanian Companies. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI), VII(VII), 150–157. https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrsi/digital-library/volume-7-issue-7/150-157.pdf
Al-Mari, J.R. & Mardini, G.H. (2024), Financial performance and carbon emission disclosure, Journal of Business and Socio-economic Development, Vol. 4 No. 4, pp. 293-307. https://doi.org/10.1108/JBSED-03-2024-0023.
Albitar, K., Hussainey, K., Kolade, N., & Gerged, A. M. (2020). ESG Disclosure and Firm Performance Before and After IR: The Moderating Role of Governance Mechanisms. International Journal of Accounting and Information Management, 28(3), 429–444. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJAIM-09-2019-0108.
Alifiani, I. I., & Suryaningrum, D. H. (2020). Carbon Emission Disclosure as Mediation of Factors Affecting Firm Value. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of Business, Accounting and Economics. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.5-8-2020.2301146.
Aprizal, M. D., Rosini, I., & Suripto, S. (2024). Good Corporate Governance dan Media Exposure Terhadap Carbon Emission Disclosure dengan Pemoderasi Kinerja Lingkungan, J-CEKI: Jurnal Cendekia Ilmiah, 4(1), 137-149. https://ulilalbabinstitute.id/index.php/J-CEKI/article/view/6158.
Ararat, M., & Sayedy, B. (2019). Gender and climate change disclosure: An interdimensional policy approach. Sustainability, 11(24), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11247217.
Arizona, D. (2023). Performa Pasar Modal Indonesia: Analisis 5 Tahun Terakhir untuk Investor. Retrieved on May, 19, 2025, from Performa Pasar Modal Indonesia: Analisis 5 Tahun Terakhir untuk Investor
Ashari, S., & Krismiaji. (2020). Audit Committee Characteristics and Financial Performance: Indonesian Evidence. Equity, 22(2), 139–152. https://doi.org/10.34209/equ.v22i2.1326.
Astuti, T. W., & Setiany, E. (2021). The Effect of Board Characteristics on Carbon Emission Disclosure. International Journal of Management Studies and Social Science Research, 3(5), 207–216. https://www.ijmsssr.org/paper/IJMSSSR00537.pdf
Astuti, W., Septianingrum, V., Mirojiah, S., Nahriah, S., & Nofryanti, N. (2025). Pengaruh Dewan Direksi, Komite Audit, dan Keberagaman Gender Terhadap Kinerja Keuangan (Studi Kasus: Perbankan Syariah di Indonesia dan Malaysia). Jurnal Revenue: Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi, 6(1), 40-54. https://doi.org/10.46306/rev.v6i1.918
Ayuningtyas, R. (2021). Investasi Jadi Kunci Upaya Pemangkasan Emisi Karbon. Investor.Id. Retrieved June 8, 2022 from https://investor.id/bumee/268611/investasi-jadi-kunci-upaya-pemangkasan-emisi-Karbon.
Carmo, C., Alves, S., & Quaresma, B. (2022). Women on Boards in Portuguese Listed Companies: Does Gender Diversity Influence Financial Performance? Sustainability, 14(6186), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106186.
Choi, B. B., Lee, D., & Psaros, J. (2013). An Analysis of Australian Company Carbon Emission Disclosures. Pacific Accounting Review, 25(1), 58–79. https://doi.org/10.1108/01140581311318968.
Chithambo, L., & Tauringana, V. (2014). Company Specific Determinants of Greenhouse Gases Disclosures. Journal of Applied Accounting Research, 15(3), 323–338. https://doi.org/10.1108/JAAR-11-2013-0087.
Dovita, Y. G., Rokhmawati, A., & Fathoni, A. F. (2019). The Effect of Sales Growth, Capital Expenditure, and Working Capital Efficiency on Indonesian-Listed-Consumer-Goods Firms’ Financial Performance with Capital Structure as Moderating Variable. Indonesian Journal of Economics, Social, and Humanities, 1(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.31258/ijesh.1.1.1.
El-Deeb, M.S., & Mohamed, L. (2024), The moderating role of board gender diversity on the association between audit committee attributes and integrated reporting quality. Futur Bus J 10, 85. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-024-00340-6.
Freeman, R. E. (1984). Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach. Pitman.
Freeman, R. E., & Dmytriyev, S. (2017). Corporate Social Responsibility and Stakeholder Theory: Learning From Each Other. Emerging Issues in Management, 2, 7–15. https://doi.org/10.4468/2017.1.02freeman.dmytriyev.
Ge, M., Friedrich, J., & Vigna, L. (2020). 4 Charts Explain Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Countries and Sectors. World Resources Institute. Retrieved June 8, 2024, from https://www.wri.org/insights/4-charts-explain-greenhouse-gas-emissions-countries-and-sectors
Ge, M., Friedrich, J., & Vigna, L. (2024). Where Do Emissions Come From? 4 Charts Explain Greenhouse Gas Emissions. World Resources Institute. Retrieved January 28, 2025, from https://www.wri.org/insights/4-charts-explain-greenhouse-gas-emissions-countries-and-sectors
Gerged, A. M., Chijoke-Mgbame, A. M., Konadu, R., & Cowton, C. J. (2022). Does The Presence of an Environmental Committee Strengthen the Impact of Board Gender Diversity on Corporate Environmental Disclosure? Evidence from sub-Saharan Africa. Business Strategy and the Environment, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3257.
Ghozali, I., & Chariri, A. (2007). Teori Akuntansi. Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
Gooyert, V. De, Rouwette, E., Kranenburg, H. Van, & Freeman, E. (2017). Reviewing The Role of Stakeholders in Operational Research: A Stakeholder Theory Perspective. European Journal of Operational Research, 262(2), 402–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2017.03.079.
Grozdic, V., Maric, B., Radišic, M., Šebestová, J., & Lis, M. (2020). Capital Investments and Manufacturing Firms’ Performance: Panel-Data Analysis. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(4), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041689.
Hendratni, T. W., Nawasiah, N., & Indriati, T. (2018). Analisis Pengaruh Corporate Governance Terhadap Kinerja Keuangan Sektor Perbankan yang Terdaftar di BEI Tahun 2012-2016. Jurnal Riset Manajemen dan Bisnis (JRMB) Fakultas Ekonomi UNIAT, 3(1), 37–52. https://doi.org/10.36226/jrmb.v3i1.83.
IDXCarbon (2022). Indonesia's Commitment on a Low-Emissions Future, Retrieved on May 19, 2025, from https://www.idxcarbon.co.id/
Jaenudin, J., Ruhiyat, E., & Sugiyanto. S. (2024). Factors Affecting Carbon Emission Disclosure: Good Corporate Governance as A Moderating Variable, EKUITAS (Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan), 8(4), 613-631. https://doi.org/10.24034/j25485024.y2024.v8.i4.6670.
Jaka, E. Z., Arondo, L. A., & Igor, A. E. (2018). Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Governance and Corporate Financial Performance: Bridging Concepts for a More Ethical Business Model. Business Strategy and Development, 1(3), 214–222. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsd2.29.
Karim, A. E., Albitar, K., & Elmarzouky, M. (2021). A novel measure of corporate carbon emission disclosure, the effect of capital expenditures and corporate governance, Journal of Environmental Management, Volume 290, 112581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112581.
Kirsch, A. (2018). The gender composition of corporate boards: A review and research agenda. Leadership Quarterly, 29(2), 346–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.06.001.
Kurnia, P., Agustia, D., Soewarno, N. and Ardianto, A. (2025), The mediating role of carbon emission disclosure in the relationship between structure of corporate governance and firm performance, Journal of Applied Accounting Research, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/JAAR-01-2023-0015.
Kurnia, P., Darlis, E., & Putra, A. A. (2020). Carbon Emission Disclosure, Good Corporate Governance, Financial Performance, and Firm Value, The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(12), 223-231. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no12.223.
Kwistianus, H., & Juniarti. (2022). The Long-Term Performance of Capital Expenditure from a Fundamental Perspective: Evidence from Indonesia. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 12(12), 1027–1040. https://doi.org/10.55493/5002.v12i12.4667.
Larasati, R., Seralurin, Y. cores, & Sesa, P. V. S. (2020). Effect of Profitability on Carbon Emission Disclosure. The International Journal of Social Sciences World, 2(02), 182–195. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4248320.
Lash, J., & Wellington, F. (2007). Competitive Advantage on a Warming Planet. Harvard Business Review, 85(3), 94–102. Retrieved July 23, 2022 from http://courseresources.mit.usf.edu/sgs/geb6930/module_3/read/competative_advantage.pdf
Lumbanraja, T. (2021). Pengaruh Good Corporate Governance (Dewan Direksi, Dewan Komisaris, dan Komite Audit) Terhadap Profitabilitas. Jurakunman (Jurnal Akuntansi dan Manajemen), 14(2), 159. https://doi.org/10.48042/jurakunman.v14i2.80.
Luo, L., Lan, Y. C., & Tang, Q. (2012). Corporate Incentives to Disclose Carbon Information: Evidence from the CDP Global 500 Report. Journal of International Financial Management and Accounting, 23(2), 93–120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-646X.2012.01055.x.
Mahendra, P. R., & Widajantie, T. D. (2021). The Effect of Good Corporate Governance Mechanisms on Financial Performance in Conventional Commercial Banks Listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange Period 2015-2019. Jurnal Ilmiah Edunomika, 5(02), 1371–1382. https://doi.org/10.29040/jie.v5i2.2597.
Marquez-Cardenas, V., Gonzalez-Ruiz, J. D., & Duque-Grisales, E. (2022). Board Gender Diversity and Firm Performance: Evidence from Latin America. Journal of Sustainable Finance and Investment, 12(3), 785–808. https://doi.org/10.1080/20430795.2021.2017256.
Musdalifah, I., & Himmati, R. (2021). The Influence of the Size of the Board of Commissioners, Size of the Board of Directors, Size of the Audit Committee, and Company Size on Banking Performance at Indonesian Regional Development Banks in 2015-2020. Annual International Conference on Islamic Economics and Business (AICIEB), 1, 311–322. https://doi.org/10.18326/aicieb.v1i0.37.
Nasih, M., Harymawan, I., Paramitasari, Y. I., & Handayani, A. (2019). Carbon Emissions, Firm Size, and Corporate Governance Structure: Evidence from the Mining and Agricultural Industries in Indonesia. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(9), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092483.
Neviana. (2010). Triple Bottom Line: Lebih dari Sekadar Profit. SWA Online. Retrieved June 10, 2022, from https://swa.co.id/swa/my-article/triple-bottom-line-lebih-dari-sekadar-profit
Octoviany, G. (2020). Corporate Governance, Stakeholder Power, Komite Audit dan Sustainability Reporting. Jurnal Magister Akuntansi Trisakti, 7(2), 121–144. https://doi.org/10.25105/jmat.v7i2.7574.
Pasaribu, R. B. F., Kowanda, D., & Kurniawan, D. (2015). Pengaruh Earning Management dan Mekanisme Good Corporate Governance terhadap Pengungkapan Corporate Social Responsibility Pada Emiten Manufaktur di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Jurnal Riset Manajemen dan Bisnis, 10(2), 97–121. http://e-journalfb.ukdw.ac.id/index.php/jrmb
Phatak, P. (2023). The impact of carbon disclosure on corporate financial performance: an empirical study of Indian firms. Economics and Finance, 2023. Master Thesis in Finance. https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-04402507v1.
Ruhiyat, E., & Murwaningsari, E. (2019). Environmental Disclosure, Board of Commissioners, Board of Directors and Company Value. International Journal of Business, Economics and Law, 19(5), 328–333. https://www.ijbel.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/IJBEL19_278.pdf.
Safitri, K. (2022). Penurunan Emisi Karbon, Bos Freeport: Ada Biaya yang Tidak Kecil yang Harus Dikeluarkan. Kompas.Com. Retrieved June 10, 2024, from https://money.kompas.com/read/2022/07/07/142258226/penurunan-emisi-karbon-bos-freeport-ada-biaya-yang-tidak-kecil-yang-harus.
Sari, K. P., Yuliani. N. L., & Susanto, B. (2021). Green Strategy, Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure, Good Corporate Governance terhadap Pengungkapan Emisi Karbon. The 4th Business and Economics Conference in Utilizing of Modern Technology, 642–657. https://journal.unimma.ac.id/index.php/conference/article/view/6006.
Silva-Gao, L. (2012). The Disclosure of Environmental Capital Expenditures: Evidence from the Electric Utility Sector in the USA. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 19(4), 240–252. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.277.
Stefani, J. G. (2024). Sustainability in Business: How Green Accounting, Carbon Emission Disclosure, and Green Transformational Leadership Influence Firm Value with Eco-Efficiency as a Moderator, International Research Journal of Economics and Management Studies, Vol. 3, No. 12, pp. 185-195. https://irjems.org/irjems-v3i12p122.html.
Sudibyo, Y. A. (2018). Carbon Emission Disclosure: Does it Matter. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 106(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/106/1/012036.
Taipi, E., & Ballkoci, V. (2017). Capital Expenditure and Firm Performance Evidence from Albanian Construction Sector. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 13(28), 231. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n28p231.
Tornyeva, K., & Wereko, T. (2012). Corporate Governance and Firm Performance: Evidence from the Insurance Sector of Ghana. European Journal of Business and Management, 4(13), 95–113. https://iiste.org/Journals/Index.php/EJBM/article/view/2708
Trufvisa, U. S., & Ardiyanto, M. D. (2019). Pengaruh Karakteristik Dewan Komisaris Terhadap Pengungkapan Emisi Karbon. Diponegoro Journal of Accounting, 8(3), 1–11. http://ejournal-s1.undip.ac.id/index.php/accounting.
Villiers, C. de, & Staden, C. J. Van. (2011). Where Firms Choose to Disclose Voluntary Environmental Information. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 30(6), 504–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2011.03.005.
Wilar, F. F., Mangantar, M., & Tulung, J. E. (2018). Pengaruh Corporate Governance terhadap Return on Asset (ROA) pada Lembaga Pembiayaan Terdaftar di BEI Tahun 2012-2016 the Effect of Corporate Governance on Return on Asset At Financing Companies Listed in BEI 2012-2016. Jurnal EMBA, 6(4), 2698–2707. https://doi.org/10.35794/emba.v6i4.21051.